My PhD will utilise Zooarchaeology by Mass Spectrometry (ZooMS) to expand our current understanding of hominin cognition. This will explore changes in the manner in which each species interacted with their environment, as that can illuminate the changes that occurred when Neanderthals became extinct and AMH thrived as the single species in Europe. This will be achieved by assessing worked bone through a multi-site approach spanning the Middle-Upper Palaeolithic in Europe. The method will consist of existing extraction protocols, making this study extremely viable and achievable. It is anticipated that a non-destructive ZooMS approach will be utilised to avoid drilling or cutting through a bone sample. The results will then be examined across Neanderthal and AMH sites to test hypotheses regarding human-environment interaction during bone tool manufacture.