This project investigates when Afro-Indigenous societies emerged in the Caribbean and how the tempo and mode of Creolization varied across ecological and colonial contexts? This inquiry is grounded in environmental archaeology and focuses on the Caribbean—particularly Puerto Rico—as a space of Indigenous-African-European encounters and transformations. The project challenges prevailing narratives of Taíno extinction by investigating the material and ecological traces of Indigenous persistence and Afro-Indigenous ethnogenesis from 1450 to 1815 AD.
