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Neolithic excavations at Umbro 1998-2001/ scavi neolitici a Umbro 1998-2001
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Umbro is a prehistoric site located at the foot of an east-facing rocky cliff about 15 meters high. The Bova Marina Archaeological Project excavated at the site from 1998 through 2001. The principal excavation, Trench 1, was located at the base of the cliff; a number of smaller exploratory trenches were scattered over the nearby slopes. Excavation revealed a number of important features of the site. Umbro was occupied from around 5700 BC through about 4500 BC, a span encompassing the Stentinello (Early-Middle Neolithic) and the beginning of the Diana (Late Neolithic) periods; there were also traces of a Copper Age occupation around 3000-2500 BC. The excavations yielded a typical range of Neolithic material culture, with abundant pottery in undecorated, impressed, Stentinello, and Diana styles, chipped stone tools (over 90% of obsidian, probably imported from Lipari), polished stone axes, and daub. Technological analysis of the pottery shows that it came in a range of wares from multiple chemically distinct clay sources. Faunal and floral remains were poorly preserved, but attested a typical Neolithic economy with domestic animals (sheep, goats, pigs, cows, dogs) and grains (wheat, barley). (For images of the finds, see here). No structures or features were found in the excavated deposits at Umbro, which were generally tumbled detritus. The site offers only a very restricted area for settlement -- a narrow strip about two meters by six meters against the cliff wall -- which also suggests that it was not a permanent, long-term living site. In confirmation of this, almost no daub with structural impressions was found at the site; most of the identifable daub fragments belonged to a single structure, a circular fire-enclosing ring about a meter in diameter, in the Diana period levels. This was probably a hearth enclosure for firing pottery. Occupation of Umbro was probably sporadic and intermittent rather than continuous, part of a settlement regime including habitation sites such as Penitenzeria 200 metres away. It may have been seasonal; there is evidence of springtime use of the site (shed deciduous sheep-goat teeth), and perhaps of summer use (pots were made on site, as evidenced by stamps used to decorate Stentinello vessels, and potting may have been a dry-season activity). Aside from the shelter offered by the rock wall, which may have been attractive in colder and wetter periods, it is not clear why people returned to this place over such a long time span. There may have been small caves, now collapsed, around the rim of the cliffs, as well as perennial springs at the base of the cliff where the porous calcareous sandstone overlies a stratum of impermeable clay below. Umbro è un sito
preistorico che si trova ai piedi di una rupe alta circa 15 metri
rivolta ad
est. Il sito è stato scavato tra il 1998 e il 2001 nell’ambito del
Progetto
Archeologico Bova Marina. L’area di scavo principale è situata alla
base della
rupe, nel Saggio 1, mentre una serie di piccole trincee esplorative
sono state
realizzate sui pendii circostanti. |
The Umbro plateau (right); Neolithic site is below highest cliff in centre of photo/ L'altopiano di Umbro (destra); il sito Neolitico è sotto la roccia più alta (centro della foto)
Umbro, Trench 1 (principal Neolithic excavation) / Umbro, trincea 1 (scavo neolitico principale)
Umbro, Trench 1 during the excavations/ Umbro, trincea 1 durante lo scavo |
© images and text copyright Bova Marina Archaeological Project 2011