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Classical Greek excavations at Umbro, 2000-2005 / Scavi classici a Umbro, 2000-2005
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The Umbro Greek Site is located on a small, steep irregular hill adjacent to the cobbled medieval or early modern road leading from the coast up to the Umbro plateau and ultimately to the hilltop town of Bova. This road may follow a route similar to a road many centuries older, dating back to classical antiquity. The hill is one of the steeply sloping outcrops of calcareous sandstone which forms the series of cliffs bounding the fertile and well-watered Umbro plateau on the east. Several other small Greek sites were located around the plateau by archaeological survey. The Umbro Greek site was excavated between 2000 and 2005. The Umbro Greek site is a well-preserved example of the small rural ‘farmhouse’ sites typical of those found by archaeological surveys throughout the archaic and classical Greek world. The lower end of the northern section of the hill has been bulldozed in recent years to level the area for the installation of an electrical pylon, partially destroying the site. In spite of this damage, intact deposits and architecture remain. Two sides of a west-facing residential building were excavated on the lower part of the hill (Trenches 2 and 4). The house was constructed as a stone socle with mudbrick superstructure and a tiled roof, including a chimney tile. Traces of other similarly constructed buildings were found near the summit (Trenches 3 and 6). The overwhelming bulk of the material excavated in the 2000-05 seasons is classical in date. The house in Trenches 2 and 4 dates to between 425 and around 350 BC. It may be the case, as with similar sites in Metaponto, that earlier (archaic and/or prehistoric) occupation of the site has been virtually obliterated by the construction of the surviving classical buildings. Ceramic material in the ancient ground levels underneath the western retaining wall of the site in Trench 4, and broken tiles utilised in the wall fill of the SE-NW wall in Trench 2, support the case for earlier structures on the site. There was probably also a late Archaic occupation of the site. Evidence from the areas of Trenches 3 and 6 (on the top of the hill) suggests that use of the site extends into the 3rd century BC. Although the lifetime of the preserved classical building was relatively short (probably no more than 50-75 years), two separate phases of occupation could be distinguished in Trench 2. The earlier phase is attested by residential evidence: pottery for eating and drinking as well as environmental evidence of food processing and cooking discovered on the floor levels; this suggests that this occupation was year-round and permanent. Following the collapse and abandonment of the house, a new earth floor was laid down directly over the large tiles of the earlier fallen roof. Internal walls were added, dividing the building into small, narrow units which possibly functioned as animal stalls. A sheep’s tooth belonging to this secondary phase of occupation may support this idea. Two small bronze coins found on the site suggest that its main political (and perhaps economic) connections were with Rhegion. Interpretation of this depends upon placing this classical farmhouse in its larger geographical context: how the Umbro Greek ‘farmhouse’ and similar sites functioned as part of large rural territory of Rhegion is one of our key questions. For images of some finds from Umbro Greek site, see here. Il
sito greco di
Umbro sorge su una piccola e scoscesa collina adiacente la strada
lastricata di
epoca medievale o rinascimentale che dalla costa conduce al pianoro di
Umbro, e
infine alla cittadina arroccata di Bova. E’ possibile che questa strada
ricalchi un itinerario più antico di molti secoli, forse databile
all’antichità
classica. La collina dove sorge il sito costituisce uno degli
affioramenti di
arenaria calcarea che vanno a formare la serie di rupi che circondano
il
fertile e irriguo pianoro di Umbro sul lato orientale. Numerosi altri
siti
greci, presumibilmente di piccole dimensioni, sono stati identificati
grazie
alle ricognizioni archeologiche. Il sito di Umbro è stato scavato tra
il 2000 e
il 2005.
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Umbro Greek site, view from west during excavation / Umbro sito greco visto dall'ovest durante lo scavo
The Umbro Greek house during excavation / la casa in corso di scavo
The Classical house, showing walls and level of tiles from collapsed roof / la casa greca; si notano le mura e il crollo di tegole dal tetto
The house, showing small walls from second occupation, perhaps for animal stalls / la casa nei livelli di occupazione secondaria, con muretti aggiunti, forse per stalle per animali
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© images and text copyright Bova Marina Archaeological Project 2011